A Proposed 
Constitution 

for the 

United Nations 

of the 

World 


THEODORE HARRIS 






A 

Proposed Constitution 


FOR THE 

UNITED NATIONS 

OF THE 

WORLD 


BY 

Theodore Harris 

! ! 


NEW YORK 

C. E. RUCKSTUHL, Inc. 
1918 


YU 


Copyright, 191 X 
C. E. RUCKSTUHL, Inc. 



* 0 e 


• >> l ii' S'. ’ I- >< ' I' ;»r ' ;>7 

NOV 2i 1918 

©Cl. A 5 08230 



FOREWORD 

The Constitution of the United States 
of America did not, like Minerva, spring 
at once into being. The French and 
Indian War, in 1755, inaugurated, per¬ 
haps, the first tendency toward a nation¬ 
al consciousness. The joint action of all 
the colonies against a common foe was 
a political schooling and preparation for 
subsequent nationalization. Even as late 
as the Revolution the colonies had not 
arrived at an adequate conception of a 
federal government. The war was fought 
through practically without a govern¬ 
ment vested with proper authority and 
power. A weak and feeble Continental 
Congress protracted the struggle for free¬ 
dom for seven long years, where an auto¬ 
cratic government would have shortened 
the strife to two or three. As Hamilton 
said: “A nation without a national gov¬ 
ernment is an awful spectacle.” 

The first attempt at a constitution 

(3) 


resulted in the “Articles of Confeder¬ 
ation and Perpetual Union.” But these 
granted in reality no sovereign powers. 
Congress was hampered and fettered by 
innumerable state jealousies and shorn 
of all authority to enact adequate legis¬ 
lation. 

It is respectfully submitted, here, that 
any attempt to organize a “League of 
Nations,” a “League to enforce Peace,” 
or any organization with similar intent, 
will fail for the same reasons that the 
first American Federation failed. Nor 
would the Hague Tribunal serve to keep 
the peace. A Court without power to 
enforce its decrees is an absurdity. In 
any League or Federation of Nations 
force is a prime necessity; not by means 
of a huge army and navy for purposes of 
warfare against other nations, but through 
an equipment of federal marshals, sher¬ 
iff’s, and a standing army, sufficient to 
preserve order and serve as a nucleus 

(4) 


for an army of offense or defense when 
required. A navy commensurate with 
the task of policing the high seas would, 
of course, be a necessity. But in the 
case of both army and navy the burden 
would be light compared with the past, 
since the cost would be divided among 
several or many. 

The Constitution of the United States 
is conceded by all political writers and 
statesmen to be the most nearly perfect 
of any organic law devised for the gov¬ 
ernment of men. Gladstone regarded 
it as the most wonderful work ever struck 
off at a given time by the brain and pur¬ 
pose of man. It is evident, therefore, that 
the organic law of any world federation 
or union of nations, to be enduring and 
effective, must follow in form and sub¬ 
stance, more or less, the Constitution 
of the United States. 

If it be objected that the union of the 
nations of the world would be too un- 


wieldy on account of size of territory, 
distance in time, difference in language, 
race or religion, it may be answered that 
in 1787 Maine was as remote from Georgia 
as France from Alaska today. That the 
United States contains whole popula¬ 
tions greater in number than the largest 
cities of their native lands, and still re¬ 
taining the speech, the religion, and the 
customs of their respective countries. 
Furthermore, nearly every European 
nation has assimilated, in its growth, 
peoples of differing race, religion and 
language: for the most part, too, con¬ 
quered peoples, thus rendering the pro¬ 
cess of assimilation and unification a 
matter of centuries. The United States 
of America, as would be the case with 
the United Nations of the World, if 
formed on like plan, accomplished in one 
century what took Europe ten, because 
of voluntary association of different 
states into one organic union. 

(6) 


The interests of the nations of the 
world today are no wider, no more com¬ 
plex, and no more contradictory than the 
interests of Massachusetts and Virginia 
at the time of the adoption of the Fed¬ 
eral Constitution, or the interests of 
California arid New York today. 

The domestic affairs of each nation 
would be governed by its national gov¬ 
ernment, as the domestic affairs of the 
states today are governed by the state 
governments and their political sub¬ 
divisions. Only in questions of world¬ 
wide policy, such as freedom of the seas, 
prevention ofwars between other Nations, 
or matters arising between the nations 
themselves, would the international gov¬ 
ernment be called to act. The necessary 
relinquishment by each nation of its 
autocracy or national individuality 
would be no greater than that freely sur¬ 
rendered by each of the states in the 
American Union. The stupendous ad- 

(7) , 


vantages of equality and freedom of in¬ 
tercourse that would accrue would be 
identical with those enjoyed by the 
organic bodies of the United States to¬ 
day, but on a more magnificent scale. 
The difference would be in degree only 
-— not in kind. 

The terrible World War that has been 
going on for more than four years past 
has wrecked many a financial, political 
and economic theory. The world will 
emerge a different world. Social, polit¬ 
ical and economic relations within the 
State, as well as international relations, 
will have to be readjusted on a very dif¬ 
ferent basis. The thought of a United 
Nations of the World is no more start¬ 
ling, no more revolutionary, now, than 
was the existence of the United States 
of America in 1914. It would seem as if 
the voice of the Almighty had been 
heard amidst the incessant thunders of 
battle, saying: ‘‘All mankind are hence- 
( 8 ) 


forth brothers and I am their Eternal 
Father.” 

The question of admission to the Fed¬ 
eration of the United Nations, it seems 
to the writer, would be mainly one of 
capacity for self-government. The na¬ 
tions not yet advanced so far as this 
might be admitted as territories until 
such time as they had proved their abil¬ 
ity to govern themselves. Into this cate¬ 
gory temporarily might come China, 
Russia, Mexico; and it might be a wise 
solution of the problem of Germany 
after the War. 

The writer presents the Constitution 
of the United Nations of the World sim¬ 
ply as a formula to be considered after 
the War, in lieu of the multiplicity of 
theories that will be presented, which 
will give rise to interminable discussion, 
and then, perhaps, arrive nowhere. 

The formation of a Union such as is 
contemplated, if only comprising the 

(9) 


United States, England, and France, 
would almost surely lead, after a few 
years, to the application of other nations 
for admission, especially those weaker 
in numbers and military resources. The 
subject-matter is, in any event, pres¬ 
ent in the mind of nearly every thinking 
man today, and its presentation in con¬ 
crete form may serve to crystallize a 
hundred vague theories into some prac¬ 
tical working-basis. 

Theodore Harris. 


NEW YORK CITY, 

OCTOBER 29, I918. 


(10) 


PREAMBLE 

We, the people of the United Nations 
of the World, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure 
domestic tranquility, provide for the 
common defense, promote the general 
welfare, and secure the blessings of lib¬ 
erty to ourselves and our posterity, do 
ordain and establish this Constitution 
for the United Nations of the World. 

Article I. 

The 'Legislative Department 

SECTION I. 

i. All legislative powers herein 
granted, shall be vested in a Congress of 
the United Nations of the World, which 
shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Representatives. 

section 1 . 

i. The House of Representatives 
shall be composed of members chosen 

(n) 


every fourth year by the people of the 
several Nations; and the electors in each 
Nation shall have the qualifications re¬ 
quisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the National Congress. 

i. No person shall be a Representa¬ 
tive who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty years, and been seven years 
a citizen and inhabitant of that Nation 
in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes 
shall be apportioned among the several 
Nations which may be included within 
this Union, according to their respective 
numbers. The actual enumeration shall 
be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United 
Nations of the World, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such 
manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not ex¬ 
ceed one for every two million, but each 
State shall have at least one Represen- 
(12) 


tative; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the Nations shall be entitled to 


choose as follows: 

The United States of A merica . votes 

The United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland votes 

The Republic of France . votes 

The Kingdom of Italy votes 

The Argentine Confederation . votes 

The United States of Brazil . votes 

The Republic of Peru votes 

The Republic of Cuba votes 

The Empire of Japan votes 


4. When vacancies happen in the rep¬ 
resentation from any Nation, the execu¬ 
tive authority thereof shall issue writs 
of election to fill such vacancies. 

5 . The House of Representatives shall 
choose their Speaker and other officers, 

(13) 













and shall have the sole power of im¬ 
peachment. 

section 3. 

1. The Senate of the United Nations 
shall be composed of ten Senators from 
each Nation, chosen by the legislative 
body thereof for eight years; and each 
Senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be as¬ 
sembled in consequence of the first elec¬ 
tion, they shall be divided, as equally as 
may be, into four classes. The seats of 
the Senators of the first class shall be 
vacated at the expiration of the second 
year, of the second class at the expiration 
of the fourth year, of the third class at 
the expiration of the sixth year, and of 
the fourth class at the expiration of the 
eighth year, so that one-fourth may be 
chosen every second year; and if vacan¬ 
cies happen, by resignation or otherwise, 
during the recess of the Congress of any 


Nation, the executive thereof may make 
temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the Congress, which shall 
then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who 
shall not have attained to the age of 
forty years, and been nine years a citizen 
and an inhabitant of that Nation for 
which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United 
Nations shall be President of the Senate, 
but shall have no vote unless they be 
equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other 
officers, and also a President pro tempore 
in the absence of the Vice-President, or 
when he shall exercise the office of Presi¬ 
dent of the United Nations. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole 
power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on 
oath or affirmation. When the Presi¬ 
dent of the United Nations is tried, the 

Os) 


Chief Justice shall preside; and no person 
shall be convicted without the concur¬ 
rence of two-thirds of the members pres¬ 
ent. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment 
shall not extend further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold 
and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or 
profit under the United Nations; but the 
party convicted shall nevertheless be % 
liable and subject to indictment, trial 
judgment, and punishment, according 
to law. section 4. 

1. The times, places, and manner of 
holding elections for Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives shall be prescribed in each 
Nation by the legislative body thereof; 
but the Congress of the United Nations 
may at any time, by law, make or alter 
such regulations, except as to the places 
of choosing Senators. 

2. TheCongress of the United Nations 
shall assemble at least once in every 

(16) 


year; and such meeting shall be on the 
first Monday in December, unless they 
shall, by law, appoint a different day. 

section 5. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the 
elections, returns, and qualifications of 
its own members, and a majority of each 
shall constitute a quorum to do business; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from 
day to day, and may be authorized to 
compel the attendance of absent mem¬ 
bers, in such manner and under such 
penalties as each house may provide, 

2. Each house may determine the 
rules of its proceedings, punish its mem¬ 
bers for disorderly behavior, and with 
the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 
member. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of 
its proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such parts 
as may in theirjudgment require secrecy; 


and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either house on any question shall, at the 
desire of one-fifth of those present, be 
entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session 
of Congress, shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three 
days, nor to any other place than that in 
which the two houses shall be sitting. 

section 6. 

1. The Senators and Representatives 
shall receive a compensation for their 
services, to be ascertained by law, and 
paid out of the Treasury of the United 
Nations. They shall, in all cases, except 
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, 
be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respec¬ 
tive houses, and in going to and returning 
from the same; and for any speech or de¬ 
bate in either house they shall not be 
questioned in any other place. 

(18) 


2. No Senator or Representative shall, 
during the time for which he was elected, 
be appointed to any civil office under the 
authority of the United Nations, which 
shall have been created, or the emolu¬ 
ments whereof shall have been increased, 
during such time, and no person holding 
any office under the United Nations shall 
be a member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 

section 7, 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall 
originate in the House of Representa¬ 
tives; but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments, as on other 
bills/ 

2. Every bill which shall have passed 
the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it become a law, be 
presented to the President of the United 
Nations; if he approve, he shall sign it, 
but if not, he shall return it, with his 


objections, to that house in which it shall 
have originated; who shall enter the 
objections at large on their journal, and 
proceed to reconsider it. If after such 
reconsideration, two-thirds of that house 
shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be 
sent, together with the objections, to the 
other house, by which it shall likewise be 
reconsidered and if approved by two- 
thirds of that house, it shall become a 
law. But in all such cases the votes of 
both houses shall be determined by yeas 
and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be 
entered on the journal of each house 
respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten 
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the same 
shall be a law in like manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their adjournment prevent its return, in 
which case it shall not be a law. 


3- Every order, resolution, or vote, 
to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives may be 
necessary (except on a question of ad¬ 
journment), shall be presented to the 
President of the United Nations; and 
before the same shall take effect, shall 
be approved by him; or being disapproved 
by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds 
of the Senate and House of Representa¬ 
tives, according to the rules and limita¬ 
tions prescribed in the case of a bill. 
section 8 . 

The Congress shall have power: 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, 
imposts, and excises; to pay the debts, 
and provide for the common defense and 
general welfare of the United Nations; 
but all duties, imposts, and excises shall 
be uniform throughout the United 
Nations: 

2. To borrow money on the credit of 
the United Nations: 

(2l) 


3- To regulate commerce with foreign 
nations, and among the several Nations. 

4. To establish uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the 
United Nations: 

5. To coin money, regulate the value 
thereof and of foreign coin, and to fix the 
standard of weights and measures: 

6. To provide for the punishment of 
counterfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the United Nations: 

7. To constitute tribunals inferior to 
the Supreme Court: 

8. To define and punish piracies and 
felonies committed on the high seas, and 
offences against the law of nations: 

9. To declare war, grant letters of 
marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water: 

10. To raise and support armies; but 
no appropriation of money to that use 
shall be for a longer term than four years: 

(22) 


11. To provide and maintain a navy: 

12. To make rules for the government 
and regulation of the land and naval 
forces: 

13. To provide for calling forth the 
militia to execute the laws of the United 
Nations, suppress insurrections, and re¬ 
pel invasions: 

14. To provide for organizing, arming, 
and disciplining the militia and for gov¬ 
erning such parts of them as may be 
employed in the service of the United 
Nations; reserving to the Nations re¬ 
spectively the appointment of the officers 
and the authority of training the militia 
according to the discipline prescribed 
by Congress: 

15. To exercise exclusive legislation, 
in all cases whatsoever, over such dis¬ 
trict (not exceeding twenty miles square) 
as may, by cession of particular Nations, 
and the acceptance of Congress, become 
the seat of government of the United 

(23) 


Nations; and to exercise like authority 
overall places purchased by the consent 
of the legislative body of the Nations in 
which the same shall be, for the erection 
of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, 
and other needful buildings:—and 

16. To make all laws which shall be 
necessary and proper for carrying into 
execution the foregoing powers, and all 
other powers vested by this Constitution 
in the government of theUnited Nations, 
or in any department or officer thereof. 
section 9 . 

1. The privilege of the writ of habeas 
corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, 
the public safety may require it. 

2. No bill of attainder or ex post facto 
law shall be passed. 

3. No capitation or other direct tax 
shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
census or enumeration hereinbefore di¬ 
rected to be taken. 


4. No tax or duty shall be laid on 
articles exported from any Nation. No 
preference shall be given by any regu¬ 
lation of commerce or revenue to the 
ports of one Nation over those of another 
nor shall vessels bound to or from one 
Nation be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

5. No money shall be drawn from the 
Treasury but in consequence of appro¬ 
priations made by law; and a regular 
statement and account, of the receipts 
and expenditures of all money public 
shall be published from time to time. 

section 10 . 

1. No Nation shall enter into any 
treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant 
letters of marque and reprisal; pass any 
bill of attainder; ex post facto law, or law 
impairing the obligations of contracts. 

2. No Nation, shall without the con¬ 
sent of Congress, lay any imposts or 
duties on imports or exports, except 

( 2 5 ) 


what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws; and the 
net produce of all duties and imposts 
laid by any Nation on imports or ex¬ 
ports, shall be for the use of the Treasury 
of the United Nations, and all such laws 
shall be subject to the revision and con¬ 
trol of Congress. 

3. No Nation shall, without the con¬ 
sent of Congress, lay any duty on ton¬ 
nage, keep troops or ships of war in time 
of peace, enter, in to any agreement or 
compact with another Nation, or with 
a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded^ or in such imminent 
danger as will not admit of delay. 

Article II. 

The Executive Department 

SECTION I. 

i. The executive power shall be vested 
in a President of the United Nations of 
the World. He shall hold his office dur¬ 
ing the term of eight years, and be in- 
(26) 


eligible for re-election at any subsequent 
time; and, together with the Vice- 
President, chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows: 

2 . Each Nation shall appoint, in such 
manner as the legislative body thereof 
may direct, a number of electors equal 
to the whole number of Senators and 
Representatives to which the Nation 
may be entitled in Congress; but no Sen¬ 
ator or Representative or person holding 
an office of trust or profit under the 
United Nations, shall be appointed an 
elector. 

3. The Congress may determine the 
time of choosing the electors, and tfye day 
on which they shall give their votes, 
which day shall be the same throughout 
the United Nations. 

4. No person except a natural born 
citizen of the United Nations shall be 
eligible to the office of President; neither 
shall any person be eligible to that office 

(27) 


who shall not have attained to the age 
of forty years, and been fourteen years 
a resident within the United Nations. 

5. In case of the removal of the Presi¬ 
dent from office, or of his death, resign¬ 
ation, or inability to discharge the powers 
and duties of the said office, the same 
shall devolve on the Vice-President; and 
the Congress may, by law, provide for 
the case of removal, death, resignation, 
or inability, both of the President and 
Vice-President, declaring what officer 
shall then act as President; and such 
officer shall act accordingly, until the 
disability be removed, or a President 
shall be elected. 

6. The President shall, at stated 
times, receive for his services a compen¬ 
sation, which shall neither be increased 
nor diminished during the period for 
which he shall have been elected; and he 
shall not receive within that period any 
other emolument fr'om the United Na¬ 
tions, or any of them. 

(28) 


7- Before he enters on the execution 
of his office, he shall take the following 
oath or affirmation: 

“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 
I will faithfully execute the office of 
President of the United Nations: and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect, and defend the Constitution of 
the United Nations.” 

SECTION 2. 

i. The President shall be Commander- 
in-Chief of the army and navy of the 
United Nations, and of the militia of 
the several Nations, when called into the 
actual service of the United Nations. 
He may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the ex¬ 
ecutive departments, upon any subject 
relating to the duties of their respective 
offices; and he shall have power to grant 
reprieves and pardons for offences against 
the United Nations, except in cases of 
impeachment. 


(29) 


2 . He shall have power, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two-thirds of 
the Senators present concur; and he shall 
nominate, and, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
ambassadors and other public ministers 
and consuls, judges of the Supreme 
Court, and all other officers of the United 
Nations whose appointments are not 
herein otherwise provided for, and which 
shall be established by law. But the 
Congress may, by law, vest the appoint¬ 
ment of such inferior officers as they 
think proper, in the President alone, in 
the courts of law, or in the heads of 
departments. 

3. The President shall have power to 
fill up all vacancies that may happen 
during the recess of the Senate, by grant¬ 
ing commissions, which expire at the end 
of their next session. 

(30) 


SECTION 3. 

I. He shall, from time to time, give 
to Congress information of the state of 
the Union, and recommend to their con¬ 
sideration such measures as he shall 
judge necessary and expedient. He may 
on extraordinary occasions, convene 
both houses, or either of them; and in 
case of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper. He shall receive am- 
' bassadors and other public ministers. 
He shall take care that the laws be faith¬ 
fully executed; and shall commission all 
officers of the United Nations. 

section 4. 

1. The President, Vice-President, and 
all civil officers of the United Nations, 
shall be removed from office on impeach¬ 
ment for, and conviction of, treason, 
bribery, or other high crimes and mis¬ 
demeanors. 


(30 


Article 111 . 

The Judicial Department 

SECTION i. 

i. The. judicial power of the United 
Nations shall be vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior courts as 
Congress may, from time to time, ordain 
and establish. The judges, both of the 
supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior; and 
shall, at stated times, receive for their 
services a compensation, which shall not 
be diminished during their continuance 
in office. 

section 2. 

i. The judicial power shall extend to 
all cases in law and equity arising under 
this Constitution, the laws of the United 
Nations, and treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under their authority; to 
all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers, and consuls; to all cases 
of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction 

(3 2 ) 


to controversies to which the United 
Nations shall be a party; to contro¬ 
versies between two or more Nations; be¬ 
tween a Nation and citizens of another 
Nation; between citizens of different 
Nations; and between a Nation or the 
citizens thereof, and foreign Nations, 
citizens or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers, and consuls, and 
those in which a Nation shall be a party, 
the Supreme Court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as Congress shall 
make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in 
cases of impeachment, shall be held in 
the Nation where the said crimes shall 
have been committed; but when not 
committed within any Nation, the trial 

(33) 


shall be at such place or places as Con¬ 
gress may by law have directed. 

section 3. 

1. Treason against the United Nations 
shall consist only in levying war against 
them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort. No person 
shall be convicted of treason, unless on 
the testimony of two witnesses to the 
same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

2. Congress shall have power to de¬ 
clare the punishment of treason; but no 
attainder of treason shall work corruption 
of blood, or forfeiture, except during the 
life of the person attainted. 

Article IV. 

Miscellaneous Provisions 

SECTION 1 4 ^ n . 

1. Full faith and credit shall be given 
in each Nation to the public acts, rec¬ 
ords, and judicial proceedings of every 
other Nation; and Congress may, by 

( 34 ) 


general laws, prescribe the manner in 
which such acts, records, and proceed¬ 
ings shall be proved, and the effect there¬ 
of. 

section 2. 

1. The citizens of each Nation shall 
be entitled to all the privileges and im¬ 
munities of citizens in the several Nations. 

2. A person charged in any Nation 
with treason, felony, or other crime, who 
shall flee from justice, and be found in 
another Nation, shall, on demand of the 
executive authority of the Nation from 
which he fled, be delivered up, to be re¬ 
moved to the Nation having jurisdiction 
of the crime. 

section 3. 

1. New Nations may be admitted by 
Congress into this Union; but no new 
Nation shall be formed or erected within 
the jurisdiction of any other Nation, nor 
any Nation be formed by the junction of 
two or more Nations, or parts of Nations, 

( 35 ) 


without the consent of the legislative 
bodies of the Nations concerned, as well 
as of Congress. 

2. Congress shall have the power to 
dispose of, and make all needful rules 
and regulations respecting the territory 
or other property belonging to the United 
Nations; and nothing in this Constitu¬ 
tion shall be construed as to prejudice 
any claims of the United Nations, or 
of any particular Nation. 

section 4. 

1. The United Nations shall protect 
every Nation in this Union against in¬ 
vasion; and, on application of the legis¬ 
lative bocjy or of the executive (when 
the legislative body cannot be convened), 
against domestic violence. 

Article V. 

1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds 
of both houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose amendments to this Con¬ 
stitution; or, on the application of the 

(36) 


legislative bodies of two-thirds of the 
several Nations, shall call a convention 
for proposing amendments, which, in 
either case, shall be valid, to all intents 
and purposes, as parts of this Constitu¬ 
tion, when ratified by the legislative 
bodies of three-fourths of the several 
Nations, or by convention in three- 
fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be pro¬ 
posed by Congress; provided that no 
Nation, without its consent, shall be de¬ 
prived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

Article VI. 

i. This Constitution, and the laws of 
the United Nations, which shall be made 
in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the 
authority of the United Nations, shall 
be the supreme law of the Nations; and 
the judges in every Nation shall be bound 
thereby, anything in the laws of any 
Nation to the contrary notwithstanding. 

(37) 


3 - The Senators and Representatives 
before mentioned, and the members of 
the legislative bodies of each Nation, 
and all executive and judicial officers, 
both of the United Nations and of the 
several Nations, shall be bound by oath 
or affirmation to support the Constitu¬ 
tion, but no regilious test shall ever be 
required as a qualification to any office 
or public trust under theUnited Nations. 

Article VII. 

Congress shall make no law respecting 
an establishment of religion, or prohib¬ 
iting the free exercise thereof; or abridg¬ 
ing the freedom of speech or of the press; 
or the right of the people peaceably to 
assemble, and to petition the government 
for a redress of grievances. 

Article VIII. 

A well-regulated militia being neces¬ 
sary to the security of a free Nation, the 
right of the people to keep and bear arms 
shall not be infringed. 

( 38 ) 


Article IX. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be 
quartered in any house without the con¬ 
sent of the owner; nor in time of war, 
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article X. 

The right of the people to be secure in 
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, 
against unreasonable searches and seiz¬ 
ures shall not be violated; and no warrants 
shall issue but upon probable cause, 
supported by oath or affirmation, and 
particularly describing the place to 
be searched, and the persons or things 
to be seized. 

Article XI. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, 
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article XII. 

The enumeration in the Constitution 
of certain rights shall not be construed 
to deny or disparage others retained by 
the people. 


(39) 


Article XIII. 

The powers not delegated to the 
United Nations by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the Nations, are 
reserved to the Nations respectively, or 
to the people. 

Article XIV. 

i. The electors shall meet in their re¬ 
spective Nations, and vote by ballot for 
President or Vice - President, one of 
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabit¬ 
ant of the same Nation with themselves. 
They shall name in their ballots the per¬ 
son voted for as President, and in dis¬ 
tinct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President, and they shall make dis¬ 
tinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President, and of all persons voted for as 
Vice-President, and of the number of 
votes for each; which lists they shall 
sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
the seat of the Government of the 
United Nations, directed to the Presi- 

(4°) 


dent of the Senate. The President of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Sem 
ate and House of Representatives, open 
all the certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes for President 
shall be the President, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of elect¬ 
ors appointed; and if no person have 
such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers, not exceed¬ 
ing three, on the list of those voted for 
as President, the House of Representa¬ 
tives shall choose immediately, by ballot, 
the President. But, in choosing the Pres¬ 
ident, the votes shall be taken by Nations, 
the representation from each Nation 
having one vote: a quorum for this pur¬ 
pose shall consist of a member or mem¬ 
bers from two-thirds of the Nations, and 
a majority of all the Nations shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the House 
of Representatives shall not choose a 

(41) 


President, whenever the right of choice- 
shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then 
the Vice-President shall act as Presi¬ 
dent, as in the case of the death or other 
constitutional disability of the Presi¬ 
dent. 

2. The person having the greatest 
number of votes as Vice-President shall 
be the Vice-President, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of elect¬ 
ors appointed; and if no person have a 
majority, then from the two highest 
numbers on the list the Senate shall 
choose the Vice-President. A quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two- 
thirds of the whole number of Senators, 
and a majority of the whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally in¬ 
eligible to the office of President shall be 
eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
United Nations. 

(42) 

f 


Article XV. 

section i. 

Neither slavery nor involuntary serv¬ 
itude, except as a punishment for crime, 
whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted, shall exist within the United 
Nations, or any place subject to their 
jurisdiction. 

SECTION 2. 

Congress shall have power to enforce 
this Article by appropriate legislation. 

Article XVI. 

SECTION i. 

All persons born or naturalized in the 
United Nations, and subject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
United Nations, and of the Nation 
wherein they reside. No Nation shall 
make or enforce any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of 
citizens of the United Nations; nor shall 

(43) 


any Nation deprive any person of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process 
of law; nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the 
laws. 

Article XVII. 

i. The ratification of the conventions 
of three-fourths of the Nations of this 
Union shall be sufficient for the estab¬ 
lishment of this Constitution between 
the Nations so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous con¬ 
sent of the Nations present , the . 

day of .., in the year of the 

ChristianEra ,. 

In witness whereof we have hereunto 
subscribed our names. 


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